1 Moskowitz, Clara, and Meghan Bartels. “What Makes Earth Unique?” Space.com, 22 April 2022. https://www.space.com/5595-earth-special-compared-planets.html.

2 “Water Contamination from Animal Feeding Operations.” CDC, 12 July 2022. https://www.cc.gov/healthywater/emergency/sanitation-wastewater/animal-feeding-operations.html.

1 McGovern, Celeste. “Birth Control in Drinking Water: A Fertility Catastrophe in the Making?” National Catholic Register, 16 June 2015. | 2 Maragkou, Irena. “The world’s biggest pharmaceutical companies: Top ten by revenue.” Pharmaceutical Technology. https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/top-ten-pharma-companies-in-2023/?cf-view. Accessed 5 August 2024. | 3 Bernie Sanders, Fox News. “The Greed of Big Pharma Cannot Continue.” Bernie Sanders: U.S. Senator for Vermont. 23 June 2023. https://www.sanders.senate.gov/op-eds/the-greed-of-big-pharma-cannot-continue/. | 4 “Revenue of the worldwide pharmaceutical market from 2001 to 2023.” Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/263102/pharmaceutical-market-worldwide-revenue-since-2001/. Accessed 22 July 2024. | 5 Adkins, JoAnn. “Pharmaceuticals Found in Florida Redfish.” Florida International University, 3 April 2023. https://news.fiu.edu/2023/pharmaceuticals-found-in-florida-redfish.

1 “Drug Disposal: FDA’s Flush List for Certain Medicines.” FDA, 1 October 2020. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know/drug-disposal-fdas-flush-list-certain-medicines#FlushList. Accessed 5 August 2024. | 2 “Don't flush medicines down the drain.” Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. www.pca.state.mn.us/news-and-stories/dont-flush-medicines-down-the-drain. Accessed 5 August 2024.

3 Tabuchi, Hiroko. “Something’s Poisoning America’s Land; Farmers Fear “Forever” Chemicals.” New York Times, 1 September 2024. www.nytimes.com/2024/08/31/climate/pfas-fertilizer-sludge-farm.html.

1 Granberg, Al. Pharmaceuticals move throughout the aquatic environment. USGS. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/pharmaceuticals-move-throughout-aquatic-environment. Accessed 22 July 2024. | 2 EPA. “EPA’s Ban on Sewering Pharmaceuticals: Fact Sheet for Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWS).” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. April 2022. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-05/POTW%20Sewer%20Ban%20Fact%20Sheet_final.pdf. | 3 De Araujo Almeida Freitas, Leticia, and Candhi Radis-Baptista. “Pharmaceutical Pollution and Disposal of Expired, Unused, and Unwanted Medicines in the Brazilian Context.” Journal of Xenobiotics, vol. 11, no 2, June 2021, pp. 61-76. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox11020005.

4 Hamrick, Kristi. “Chemical abortion pills also a risk for endangered species; SFLA to SCOTUS.” Pregnancy Help News, 29 February 2024. https://pregnancyhelpnews.com/chemical-abortion-pills-also-a-risk-for-endangered-species-sfla-to-scotus. | 5 Huanyu, Tao, et al. “Environmental fate and toxicity of androgens: A critical review.” Environmental Research, Vol. 214, no 2, November 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113849. | 6 “Endocrine Disruptors.” National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 22 July 2024. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine. | 7 McGovern, Celeste. “Birth Control in Drinking Water: A Fertility Catastrophe in the Making?” National Catholic Register, 16 June 2015. https://www.ncregister.com/news/birth-control-in-drinking-water-a-fertility-catastrophe-in-the-making.

8 “Clinical Lab Waste.” Minnesota Technical Assistance Program. http://www.mntap.umn.edu/industries/facility/healthcare/special/labwaste/. Accessed 23 July 2024. | 9 “The Abortion Pill.” Planned Parenthood. https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/abortion/the-abortion-pill#:~:text=%E2%80%9CAbortion%20pill%E2%80%9D%20is%20the. Accessed 22 July 2024. | 10 “Medication Abortions Accounted for 63% of All US Abortions in 2023, an Increase from 53% in 2020.” Guttmacher Institute, 19 March 2024. https://www.guttmacher.org/news-release/2024/medication-abortions-accounted-63-all-us-abortions-2023-increase-53-2020. Accessed 6 September 2024. | 11 “After a miscarriage.” Miscarriage Association. https://www.miscarriageassociation.org.uk/information/miscarriage/after-a-miscarriage/. Accessed 22 July 2024.

Credit Al Granberg Image also available on www.usgs.gov/media/images/pharmaceuticals-move-throughout-aquatic-environment

1 EPA. “EPA’s Ban on Sewering Pharmaceuticals: Fact Sheet for Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWS).” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. April 2022. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-05/POTW%20Sewer%20Ban%20Fact%20Sheet_final.pdf. Accessed 5 September 2024. | 2 Ibid. | 3 De Araujo Almeida Freitas, Leticia, and Candhi Radis-Baptista. “Pharmaceutical Pollution and Disposal of Expired, Unused, and Unwanted Medicines in the Brazilian Context.” Journal of Xenobiotics, vol. 11, no 2, June 2021, pp. 61-76. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox11020005. | 4 Wang, Huan, et al. “Ecotoxicological effects, environmental fate and risks of pharmaceutical and personal care products in the water environment: A review.” Science of the Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147819. | 5 EPA. “EPA’s Ban on Sewering Pharmaceuticals: Fact Sheet for Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWS).” | 6 Yu, QinQin, et al. “Assessment of sewer connectivity in the United States and its implications for equity in wastewater-based epidemiology.” PLOS Global Public Health, 17 April 2024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003039. | 7 EPA. “Biosolids Technology Fact Sheet: Land Application of Biosolids.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/biosolids/fact-sheet-land-application-biosolids. Accessed 6 August 2024. | 8 Huanyu, Tao, et al. “Environmental fate and toxicity of androgens: A critical review.” Environmental Research, Vol. 214, no 2, November 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113849. | 9 “CYTOTEC- misoprostol tablet.” Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc., February 2021. https://labeling.pfizer.com/ShowLabeling.aspx?id=559. | 10 “Female contraceptive OTC revenue in the United States from 2011 to 2023.” Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/506543/otc-revenue-of-female-contraceptive-in-the-us/#:~:text=OTC%20revenue%20of%20female%20contraceptive%20in%20the%20U.S.%202011%2D2023&text=This%20statistic%20shows%20the%20OTC,around%20672%20million%20U.S.%20dollars. Accessed 23 July 2024. | 11 “Medication Abortions Accounted for 63% of All US Abortions in 2023, an Increase from 53% in 2020.” Guttmacher Institute. https://www.guttmacher.org/news-release/2024/medication-abortions-accounted-63-all-us-abortions-2023-increase-53-2020. | 12 “CYTOTEC- misoprostol tablet.” Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc. https://labeling.pfizer.com/ShowLabeling.aspx?id=559

13 ”Progestin.” Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/24838-progestin. Accessed 27 August 2024. | 14 Donovan, Teresa A., M.P.H. “Plan B: Abortifacient and Other Risks.” Lozier Institute, 2 May 2013. https://lozierinstitute.org/plan-b-abortifacient-and-other-risks/.

15 EPA. “Biosolids Technology Fact Sheet: Land Application of Biosolids.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/biosolids/fact-sheet-land-application-biosolids. Accessed 6 August 2024. | 16 Wang, Huan, et al. ”Ecotoxicological effects, environmental fate and risks of pharmaceutical and personal care products in the water environment: A review.“ Science of the Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147819. | 17 Ibid. | 18 Barel-Cohen, Keren, et al. “Monitoring of natural and synthetic hormones in a polluted river.” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 78, no. 1, January 2006, pp. 16-23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16095808/. | 19 EPA. “EPA’s Ban on Sewering Pharmaceuticals: Fact Sheet for Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWS).” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, April 2022. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-05/POTW%20Sewer%20Ban%20Fact%20Sheet_final.pdf.

1 “Questions and Answers on Mifepristone for Medical Termination of Pregnancy Through Ten Weeks Gestation.” FDA, 1 September 2023. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/questions-and-answers-mifepristone-medical-termination-pregnancy-through-ten-weeks-gestation. Accessed 5 September 2024.

2 “National Prescription Drug Take Back Day” Get Smart About Drugs, 16 May 2024. https://www.getsmartaboutdrugs.gov/2024-national-take-back-day.

1 “Medication Abortions Accounted for 63% of All US Abortions in 2023, an Increase from 53% in 2020.” Guttmacher Institute, 19 March 2024. https://www.guttmacher.org/news-release/2024/medication-abortions-accounted-63-all-us-abortions-2023-increase-53-2020. Accessed 5 September 2024.

2 “What Is Mifeprex?” Early Option Pill. www.earlyoptionpill.com/what-is-mifeprex/. Accessed 30 July 2024.

3 “Mifepristone U.S. Post-Marketing Adverse Events Summary through 12/31/2018” FDA, 12 April 2019. https://www.fda.gov/media/154941/download. | 4 “Fact Sheet: Risks and Complications of Chemical Abortion.” Lozier Institute, July 2022. https://lozierinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Fact-Sheet_Risks-and-Complications-of-Chemical-Abortion.pdf. | 5 “Abortion Drug Facts: Risk to Women.” Lozier Institute. https://lozierinstitute.org/abortion-drug-facts/#risk-to-women. Accessed 23 July 2024. | 6 Steupert, Mia, M.A. “The State of Abortion Reporting in 2024 America: Still Striving Toward a Better National Standard.” Lozier Institute, 26 June 2024. https://lozierinstitute.org/the-state-of-abortion-reporting-in-2024-america-still-striving-toward-a-better-national-standard/.

7 “Abortion Drug Facts: Risk to Women.” Lozier Institute. https://lozierinstitute.org/abortion-drug-facts/#risk-to-women. Accessed 23 July 2024.

1 Gaitan, Elyse, et al. "Fact Sheet: Reasons for Abortion." Lozier Institute, 24 May 2024. https://lozierinstitute.org/fact-sheet-reasons-for-abortion/. Accessed 13 August 2024.

2 Diamant, Jeff, et al. “What the data says about abortion in the U.S.” Pew Research Center, 25 March 2024. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/03/25/what-the-data-says-about-abortion-in-the-us/. Accessed 12 August 2024.

3 Harned, Mary E., J.D., and Mia Steupert, M.A. “Gestational Limits on Abortion in the United States Compared to International Norms (April 2024)” Lozier Institute, 30 April 2024. https://lozierinstitute.org/gestational-limits-on-abortion-in-the-united-states-compared-to-international-norms/. Accessed 12 August 2024.

4 Reardon, David C, et al. “The Effects of Abortion Decision Rightness and Decision Type on Women’s Satisfaction and Mental Health.” Cureus, 2023, https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.38882.

1 “Ectopic Pregnancy.” Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 12 March 2022, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/symptoms-causes/syc-20372088. | 2 “Ectopic Pregnancy.” Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 12 March 2022. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372093. | 3 Condic, Maureen L., and Donna Harrison. “Treatment of an Ectopic Pregnancy: An Ethical Reanalysis.” The Linacre Quarterly. Vol. 85, no. 3, August 2018, pp. 241-251. DOI:10.1177/0024363918782417. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30275609/. | 4 Steupert, Mia. “Pro-Life Laws Protect Mom and Baby: Pregnant Women's Lives Are Protected in All States.” Lozier Institute, 20 March 2023. https://lozierinstitute.org/pro-life-laws-protect-mom-and-baby-pregnant-womens-lives-are-protected-in-all-states/.

5 “My baby Isabella” Silent No More Awareness. https://www.silentnomoreawareness.org/testimonies/testimony.aspx?ID=2554. Accessed 11 September 2024.

6 “Women have real choices.” Lozier Institute. https://lozierinstitute.org/realchoices/. Accessed 3 September 2024.

1 “Number of Abortions - Abortion Counters.” NumberofAbortions. https://www.numberofabortions.com/. Accessed 4 September 2024. | 2 “Abortion in the United States.” Guttmacher Institute. https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-united-states. Accessed 6 September 2024. | 3 “Dobbs, State Health Officer of the Mississippi Department of Health, et al. v. Jackson Women's Health Organization et al.” Supreme Court, October 2021. https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/19-1392_6j37.pdf. Accessed 5 September 2024. | 4 “Interactive Map: US Abortion Policies and Access After Roe.” Guttmacher Institute, https://states.guttmacher.org/policies/abortion-policies. Accessed 5 September 2024. | 5 Ibid. | 6 Harned, Mary E., J.D., and Ingrid Skop, M.D., FACOG. “Pro-Life Laws Protect Mom and Baby: Pregnant Women's Lives Are Protected in All States.” Lozier Institute, 20 March 2023. https://lozierinstitute.org/pro-life-laws-protect-mom-and-baby-pregnant-womens-lives-are-protected-in-all-states/. | 7 “Characteristics of U.S. Abortion Patients in 2014 and Changes Since 2008.” Guttmacher Institute, May 2016. https://www.guttmacher.org/report/characteristics-us-abortion-patients-2014. Accessed 5 September 2024. | 8 “And Then There Were None: 2022 Annual Report.” And Then There Were None, 2022. https://abortionworker.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/ATTWN-AR-22.pdf. Accessed 30 July 2024. | 9 Reardon, David C, et al. “The Effects of Abortion Decision Rightness and Decision Type on Women’s Satisfaction and Mental Health.” Cureus, 11 May 2023, https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.38882. | 10 “CYTOTEC- misoprostol tablet.” Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc, February 2021. https://labeling.pfizer.com/ShowLabeling.aspx?id=559. Accessed 10 June 2024. | 11 “Abortion – Medication.” MedlinePlus. 10 November 2022. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007382.htm. | 12 “Healthcare Infectious Waste.” MnTAP. http://www.mntap.umn.edu/industries/facility/healthcare/waste/infectious/. Accessed 30 July 2024. | 13 “Above and Beyond: Annual Report 2022-2023.“ Planned Parenthood, p. 27. https://www.plannedparenthood.org/uploads/filer_public/ce/f6/cef6efdb-919a-4211-bb5c-ce0d61fda7f5/2024-ppfa-annualreport-c3-digital.pdf. Accessed 13 August 2024. | 14 Harned, Mary E., J.D., and Mia Steupert, M.A. “Gestational Limits on Abortion in the United States Compared to International Norms (April 2024).” Lozier Institute, 30 April 2024. https://lozierinstitute.org/gestational-limits-on-abortion-in-the-united-states-compared-to-international-norms/. Accessed 13 August 2024.

1 Kischer CW. “When Does Human Life Begin? The Final Answer.” The Linacre Quarterly, vol. 70, no 4, 2003, pp. 326-339. doi.org/10.1080/20508549.2003.11877691. | 2 Mayo Clinic Staff. “Fetal Development: the 1st Trimester.” May Clinic, 3 June 2022. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/prenatal-care/art-20045302. | 3 Sadler, T.W. Langman’s Medical Embryology. 15th ed., Wolters Kluwer, 2023. | 4 Moore, Keith L., et al. “The Cardiovascular System,” in The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. 11th ed. Elsevier, 2020. | 5 Hamlin, H. Life or Death by EEG. JAMA. 12 October 1964, p. 113. | 6 Sadler, T.W. Langman’s Medical Embryology. 15th ed., Wolters Kluwer, 2023. | 7 deVries, J.I.P., et al. “The Emergence of Fetal Behavior.” Early Human Development. Vol 12. 1985, p. 108. | 8 Mayo Clinic Family Health Book. 3rd ed. Harper Resource, 2003. p. 268. | 9 Valman, Pearson. “What the Fetus Feels.” British Medical Journal. 26 January 1980 p. 234. | 10 Mayo Clinic Family Health Book. 3rd ed. Harper Resource, 2003, p. 269. | 11 Britt, Robert Roy. “Lasting Impression: How Fingerprints Are Created.” LiveScience, 2 November 2004. www.livescience.com/30-lasting-impression-fingerprints-created.html. | 12 Flanagan, Geraldine Lux. Beginning Life. DK Publishing, 1996, pp. 59-65. | 13 Cunningham, MacDonald, et al. Obstetrics. 18th ed., 1989 p. 90 & 103. | 14 Flanagan, Geraldine Lux. Beginning Life. DK Publishing, 1996, p. 68. | 15 Health & Wellness Resource Center, “Normal Growth of a Baby During Pregnancy.” Clinical Reference Systems Annual, 2001, p.1391. | 16 Gordon, Debra MD. “Pregnancy.” The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. 2nd ed., 2001, pp. 2694-2695. | 17 Ibid. | 18 Ibid. | 19 Ibid. | 20 Ibid. | 21 Sassone, Robert L. “Interview with Prof. Sir A William Liley.” The Tiniest Humans. American Life League, Inc., 1977.

1.b

2.c

3.c

4.d

5.b

6.b

7.c

8.c

9.d

10.a

11.d

12.d

13.a

14.a